The partnership-domination continuum is a concept developed by cultural historian Riane Eisler, describing two ends of a spectrum along which societies, relationships, and organizations can be positioned based on how power and social structures are organized. It contrasts two fundamental models: partnership and domination. Societies and groups don’t typically exist fully at one end or the other but lie somewhere along this continuum.
1. Domination Model
This model is characterized by hierarchical, authoritarian systems in which power is concentrated at the top, often through force, fear, or control. In a domination-oriented society or relationship, certain groups dominate others, whether based on gender, class, race, or other factors. Key features include:
• Rigid hierarchies: Power flows from the top down.
• Authoritarian control: Authority figures impose rules and maintain dominance through coercion or force.
• Violence and fear: Violence (physical or emotional) is often used to maintain control or suppress dissent.
• Oppressive gender roles: Traditional gender roles emphasize male dominance and female submission.
In the domination model, relationships—whether between people, genders, or nations—are often competitive and exploitative, with the goal of maintaining power for the ruling group.
2. Partnership Model
The partnership model emphasizes egalitarian, cooperative relationships where power is shared, and individuals work collaboratively. This model seeks to balance power between all participants and promote empathy, mutual respect, and care. Key features include:
• Egalitarian relationships: Power and decision-making are shared, with input from all.
• Mutual respect: Differences are valued rather than used to justify domination.
• Collaboration and cooperation: Relationships are based on working together toward shared goals.
• Nonviolence: Conflict is resolved through dialogue and negotiation rather than force or coercion.
• Gender equity: There’s a balance in gender roles, with an emphasis on partnership rather than hierarchy.
In a partnership-based society or relationship, cooperation, empathy, and mutual well-being take precedence over competition and domination. Power is used to empower others, not to control them.
3. Application of the Continuum
Most societies, organizations, and personal relationships fall somewhere between the extremes of domination and partnership. For example, a company might have a hierarchical structure (leaning toward domination) but promote collaborative teamwork (leaning toward partnership). Likewise, a relationship could have elements of both, with one partner sometimes dominating decisions but also supporting each other in a caring way.
4. Social Implications
• Domination-oriented societies tend to foster violence, inequality, and rigid gender roles, reinforcing power imbalances between different groups.
• Partnership-oriented societies promote social justice, gender equality, nonviolent conflict resolution, and cooperative problem-solving, leading to more equitable and sustainable communities.
The partnership-domination continuum is a useful tool for understanding and assessing power dynamics in various settings—from personal relationships to broader cultural and political structures—while striving for more inclusive and balanced systems.